The current situation and the cultural background of psychological type theory in China.

As analytical psychology in China develops, especially with the China Society for Analytical Psychology approved for membership in the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP), many Chinese, who are already familiar with MBTI®-based personality testing in corporations, are interested in learning more about Jungian theory and practice with regard to psychological types. The author, a Chinese psychologist, emphasizes current problems standing in the way of this development, such as the common opinion that MBTI is equal to psychological types. He reports his recent research that highlights the present understanding of psychological types within China. Noting that Jung combined two attitudes with four functions to form eight function-attitudes of consciousness, the author explores the possible connection between Jung's eightfold system and the eight trigrams that organize the wisdom that the I Ching brings to emergent situations requiring exceptionally conscious decision-making. He compares I Ching translator Richard Wilhelm's naming and description of these eight Gua with Jungian analyst John Beebe's descriptions of the eight function-attitudes and finds striking parallels. This amplification sheds light on the archetypal nature of psychological consciousness as well upon the typology of it that Jung advanced.

Maintenant que la psychologie analytique se développe en Chine, particulièrement avec la Société Chinoise des Analystes Jungiens, reconnue par l'Association Internationale de Psychologie Analytique (AIPA), beaucoup de Chinois - étant déjà familiarisés avec l'évaluation de la personnalité dans les entreprises par le test MBTI - cherchent à en savoir plus sur les types psychologiques en théorie et en pratique. L'auteur, un psychologue chinois, évoque les problèmes actuels qui rendent ce développement difficile, par exemple l'opinion répandue que le MBTI est équivalent aux types psychologiques de Jung. L'auteur rend compte de ses recherches récentes en Chine sur la compréhension actuelle des types psychologiques. Soulignant que Jung a combiné deux attitudes avec quatre fonctions formant huit fonction-attitudes de la conscience, il explore le lien possible entre le système à huit parties de Jung et les huit trigrammes qui ordonnent la sagesse que le Yi King apporte à des situations naissantes et qui requièrent un processus de décision particulièrement conscient. Il compare la manière dont le traducteur du Yi King Richard Wilhelm nomme et décrit les huit Gua avec les descriptions par l'analyste Jungien John Beebe des huit fonction-attitudes et il trouve des parallèles frappants. Cette amplification éclaire la nature archétypale de la conscience psychologique et de sa typologie telle que Jung l'a conçue.

A medida que la psicología analítica se ha desarrollado en China, especialmente con la Sociedad China de Analistas Junguianos aprobada por la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Analítica (IAAP), muchas personas de China, quienes ya estaban familiarizadas con el test de personalidad MBTI® aplicado en corporaciones, se interesaron en aprender más sobre la teoría y práctica Junguiana con relación a los tipos psicológicos. El autor, psicólogo chino, enfatiza los problemas actuales que se interponen en este desarrollo, como la opinión común que sostiene que MBTI es lo mismo que los tipos psicológicos. El autor presenta su investigación reciente, la cual destaca la comprensión actual sobre tipos psicológicos en China. Observando que Jung combinó dos actitudes con cuatro funciones para formar ocho funciones-actitudes de la consciencia, el autor explora la posible conexión entre el sistema óctuple de Jung y los ocho trigramas que organizan la sabiduría que el I Ching brinda a las situaciones emergentes que requieren excepcionalmente una toma de decisión consciente. El autor compara las denominaciones y descripciones de los ocho Gua de Richard Wilhelm, traductor del I Ching, con las descripciones de las ocho funciones-actitudes descriptas por John Beebe, y encuentra notables paralelismos. Esta amplificación ilumina la naturaleza arquetipal de la consciencia psicológica, así como la de su tipología, que Jung desarrolló.

Perfil MBTI e a Tipologia dos Quatro Temperamentos: relações possíveis entre cargos de gestão e não gestão / MBTI Profile and the Four Temperament Typology: possible relationships between management and non-management positions / Perfil MBTI y la tipología de cuatro temperamentos: posibles relaciones entre puestos gerenciales y no gerenciales

A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a existência de um perfil de personalidade e de temperamento que possa ser associado aos ocupantes de cargos de gestão. Para isso foi realizada a análise documentária de 240.233 protocolos do MBTI, do banco de dados da empresa representante da ferramenta no Brasil, emitidos no período de 2007 a 2015. Como a base de dados para este estudo foi documental, não houve necessidade de submetê-lo ao Comitê de Ética, mas apenas da autorização expressa da empresa. Para a análise do temperamento, utilizou-se a teoria de David Keirsey por permitir sua associação com o MBTI. Da totalidade de protocolos analisados, 12,55% ocupavam algum cargo de gestão quando avaliados. Os resultados apontaram que as tipologias de personalidade ESTJ (Extrovertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e ISTJ (Introvertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e o temperamento Guardião são as que mais se destacam para todos os tipos de cargos. Conclui-se que não há uma tipologia ou um de temperamento que diferencie pessoas que ocupam cargos de gestão das que não ocupam, porém, há tipologias e temperamentos mais frequentemente observados para os profissionais de diversos cargos.

The present research aims to evaluate the existence of profiles from personality and temperament which can be associated with the occupants of management positions. In order to understand this relation, a documentary analysis has been made using 240,233 MBTI protocols, which represents the database of the company that owns the tool in Brazil from the period of 2007 to 2015. The theory of David Keirsey was used for this purpose and according to the characteristics of this study and the rules of the Ethics Committee, only the express authorization of the company was needed. The results indicate the ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) and ISTJ (Introverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) personality typologies and the Guardian temperament are the ones that stand out the most for all types of positions and also 12.55% of the people analyzed in protocols occupied some management position. The conclusion presented there are no typology or temperament profiles that differentiate people who occupy management positions from those who do not. However, there are typologies and temperaments more frequently observed for professionals in different positions.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de un perfil de personalidad y temperamento que puede asociarse a los ocupantes de los puestos de dirección. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental de 240.233 protocolos MBTI de la base de datos de la empresa representante de la herramienta en Brasil, emitidos en el periodo de 2007 a 2015. Como la base de datos de este estudio era documental, no fue necesario presentarla al Comité de Ética, solamente de la autorización expresa de la empresa. Para el análisis del temperamento, se utilizó la teoría de David Keirsey porque permite su asociación con el MBTI. De todos los protocolos analizados, 12,55% ocupaba algún cargo directivo en el momento de la evaluación. Los resultados señalaron que las tipologías de personalidad ESTJ (Extrovertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) e ISTJ (Introvertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) y el temperamento Guardián son los más destacados para todos los tipos de trabajo. Se concluye que no existe una tipología o un temperamento que diferencie a las personas que ocupan cargos directivos de las que no lo hacen, sin embargo, hay tipologías y temperamentos que se observan con mayor frecuencia para profesionales de diversos cargos.

C. G. Jung e educação: aproximações e contribuições da tipologia junguiana para o processo educativo / C. G. Jung and education: approaching and contributions of the jungian typology to the educational process / C. G. Jung y educación: aproximaciones y contribuciones de la tipología junguiana para el proceso educativo

Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender a concepção de Educação para C. G. Jung e suas possíveis contribuições para o processo educativo, principalmente no tocante à sua teoria dos tipos psicológicos. Embora tenham sido orientados para o trabalho psicoterapêutico, os resultados apontaram que a Psicologia Analítica traz pressupostos relevantes que podem ser aplicados à educação. Os resultados, também, demonstraram a importância da escola na formação da consciência individual, por ser o primeiro espaço que a criança frequenta fora do ambiente familiar. O processo transferencial e as interferências dos conteúdos inconscientes envolvidos na relação educador-aluno sugere a necessidade de atuação sobre a personalidade do educador, no sentido de desenvolver não somente o aspecto cognitivo, mas, principalmente, a afetividade e a sensibilidade, a fim de evitar influências negativas na transmissão do conhecimento. A teoria dos tipos psicológicos contribui para pensar as diferenças individuais, ao considerar as variadas formas de cognição, adaptação e percepção do mundo.

In this article, we try to understand the conception of Education for C. G. Jung and his possible contributions to the educational process, especially his theory about psychological types. The results pointed out, although it was oriented to psychotherapeutic work, Analytical Psychology provides relevant assumptions that can be applied to education. The results demonstrated the importance of the school in the formation of individual consciousness, since it is the first space that the child attends outside the family environment. The transfer process and the interferences of the unconscious contents involved in the educator-student relationship suggest the need to act on the personality of the educator, seeking to develop not only the cognitive aspect, but mainly the affectivity and sensitivity, in order to avoid influences in the transmission of the knowledge. The theory of psychological types contributes to the thinking of individual differences, considering the different forms of cognition, adaptation and perception of the world.

En este artículo, se buscó comprender la concepción de Educación para C. Jung y sus posibles contribuciones al proceso educativo, principalmente en lo que se refiere a su teoría sobre los tipos psicológicos. Los resultados apuntan, aunque se ha orientado al trabajo psicoterapéutico, la Psicología Analítica proporciona presupuestos relevantes que pueden aplicarse a la educación. Los resultados demostraron la importancia de la escuela en la formación de la conciencia individual, por ser el primer espacio que el niño frecuenta fuera del ambiente familiar. El proceso transferencial y las interferencias de los contenidos inconscientes involucrados en la relación educador-alumno sugiere la necesidad de actuación sobre la personalidad del educador, en el sentido de desarrollar, no sólo el aspecto cognitivo, sino, principalmente la afectividad y la sensibilidad, a fin de evitar influencias negativas en la transmisión del conocimiento. La teoría de los tipos psicológicos contribuye a pensar las diferencias individuales, al considerar las diferentes formas de cognición, adaptación y percepción del mundo.

Tipos Psicológicos y Estilos de Aprendizaje en Estudiantes de la Carrera de Odontología en la Universidad de La Frontera, Chile / Psychological Types and Learning Styles in Students of the Dental Graduation Program at Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

RESUMEN: El objetivo fue establecer los tipos psicológicos y estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes que cursaron de primer a sexto año de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Se realizó un diseño cualitativo, correlacional, descriptivo y transeccional estableciendo la existencia de correlación entre los tipos psicológicos, sexo y nivel curricular aplicando dos instrumentos: tipos psicológicos de Myers y Briggs forma M versión español (MBTI, 2012) y el Inventario de Estilos de Aprendizaje de Kolb (IEA de Kolb). Se incluyeron 372 sujetos, 208 (56 %) del sexo femenino y 164 (44 %) del sexo masculino. Según el estilo de aprendizaje, los sujetos se caracterizaron mayoritariamente por ser divergentes (63 % de la muestra), seguido del grupo acomodador (26 % de la muestra) y finalmente le siguieron el grupo asimilador y convergente con un 8 % y 3 % respectivamente. Al avanzar de nivel curricular e ingresar en las asignaturas de clínicas odontológicas y tratar con pacientes, el tipo psicológico cambió gradualmente con predominancia de la dimensión extroversión e incremento de la dimensión Juicio a un ESTJ. El estilo de aprendizaje en los niveles cuarto, quinto y sexto fue más divergente para finalizar con un estiloacomodador en los estudiantes de sexto año. Se puede concluir que los tipos psicológicos y estilos de aprendizaje no fueron homogéneos en los distintos niveles curriculares.

ABSTRACT: The aim was to establish the psychological types and learning styles of the students between the first to sixth year of the Graduation Program in Dentistry at the University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. A qualitative, correlational, descriptive and transectional design was made to observe the existence of correlation between the psychological types, sex and curricular level applying two instruments: psychological types of Myers and Briggs form M Spanish version (MBTI, 2012) and the Inventory of Styles of Learning from Kolb (IEA of Kolb). Were included 372 subjects, 208 (56 %) female and 164 (44 %) male. According to the learning style, the subjects were characterized mainly by divergent (63 % of the sample), followed by the accommodating group (26 % of the sample) and finally followed by the assimilating and convergent group with 8 % and 3 % respectively. In more advance curricular level, mainly at dental clinics level and dealing with patients, the psychological type gradually changed with predominance of the extroversion dimension and increase of the Judgment dimension to an ESTJ. The learning style at the fourth, fifth and sixth levels was more divergent to end with an accommodating style in sixth grade students. It can be concluded that the psychological types and learning styles were not homogeneous at the different curricular levels.

Being Conscious of One's Own Heroism: An Empirical Approach to Analyzing the Leadership Potential of Future CEOs.

From the disciplinary field of the science of heroism, there is a need to deepen the processes that this science comprises, and at the same time, to test methods of inquiry to account for the variety of processes associated with this science. Linked to this sensitivity, the objective of this contribution is to jointly analyze, in a sample of future CEOs, what they imagine about heroism, their psychological types, and their values orientation. The sample consisted of 45 students (21 men and 24 women) between 22 and 47 years old (M = 26.69, SD = 4.47), who were part of a master's program oriented toward training future CEOs to be leaders. The analytical instruments were the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a story that each participant developed about him/herself as the main hero or heroine, and a questionnaire on personal values. In the psychological types observed, the functions of thinking and sensing predominated, with intuition and feeling residing at a lower level of consciousness. With regard to the stories, the majority of the sample offered tales in which the hero/heroine was confronted with a mystery to solve (or mission to fulfill), faced difficulties, and, finally, achieved harmony between the personal and the collective. Regarding the values, significant associations are observed between the gender, the characteristics of the psychological types, and the content of the story about their own hero / heroine. In sum, the research carried out offers an empirical approach to the study of the subjective elements of heroism, combining quantitative and qualitative aspects in an educational setting, and broadening the perspectives on the science of heroism.

Measurement of the Jungian Psychological Types in Mexican university students / Medición de los tipos psicológicos junguianos en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos

Abstract: The aim of this study was to measure the eight Psychological Types proposed by Carl G. Jung in Mexican population. A cross-sectional, multicenter, exploratory study was carried out, for which a psychometric instrument based on Jungian typology theory was developed. The Psychological Type Indicator (ITP, for its acronym in Spanish) consisted of 8 subscales (one per psychological type). It was administered to a sample of 1194 participants and validated by the methodological and statistical procedure developed by Reyes Lagunes and García y Barragán. The participants were Mexican university students, ranging from 17 to 40 years (median = 21, IQR = 4; 63% female). The internal consistency of the instrument was determined, obtaining an alpha coefficient of 0.873. An exploratory factor analysis indicated a structure of 10 factors, which together explained 32.672% of the variance. Four of the found factors were consistent with Jungian typology (Introverted Feeling, Introverted Thinking, Extraverted Sensing and Extraverted Feeling). The rest of the factors grouped attributes of this theory, which enable a new way of assessing personality in Mexican population with reference on this model of personality.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue medir los 8 tipos psicológicos propuestos por Carl G. Jung en población mexicana. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, multicéntrico y exploratorio, en el cual se desarrolló un instrumento basado en la tipología junguiana. El Indicador de Tipos Psicológicos (ITP) se conformó por 8 subescalas (una por tipo psicológico). El instrumento fue administrado a una muestra de 1,194 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos provenientes de 3 estados distintos de la República Mexicana (Guanajuato, Jalisco y la Ciudad de México), y se validó por medio de la propuesta metodológico-estadística de Reyes Lagunes y García y Barragán. Los participantes fueron hombres y mujeres (37 y 63%, respectivamente) de entre 17 y 40 años de edad (mediana = 21, RIC = 4). Se determinó la consistencia interna del instrumento, obteniéndose un coeficiente alfa de 0.873. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura factorial compuesta por 10 factores, que en conjunto explicó el 32.672% de la varianza. De los 10 factores encontrados, 4 fueron consistentes con la tipología junguiana (sentimiento introvertido, pensamiento introvertido, sensación extravertida y sentimiento extravertido). El resto de los factores agruparon atributos de la teoría junguiana, los cuales permiten una nueva forma de evaluar la personalidad en México de forma válida y confiable, con referencia a este modelo de personalidad.

The five functions of psychological type.

From the mid-1930s to the end of his life, Jung complained that most readers misunderstood the main point of his book Psychological Types. He viewed being a type as one-sided and problematic for a variety of reasons. His symbol-based solution to the 'type problem' involved developing a transcendent function to become the new dominant function of consciousness. However, this function has not featured in the popular use of his typology and Isabel Briggs Myers believed that the one-sidedness of Jung's eight types could be balanced by the auxiliary function. This has led to the transcendent function being widely ignored, and to a developmental philosophy that encourages a degree of one-sidedness. This divergence of popular type theory and analytical psychology is the result of various factors, such as Jung describing typology as containing four functions, and a letter in 1950 where Jung apparently supported Myers' version of type theory. This hinders the application of analytical psychology to normal psychology, and particularly individual and cultural development. If we refer to Jung's typology as containing five functions not four, this more accurately represents both the content of the book Psychological Types and the primary value Jung saw in typology.

Realidade, criatividade e imaginário na teoria dos tipos psicológicos de Jung / Reality, creativity and the imaginary in Jung’s psychological types

Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se conduzir um estudo teórico acerca das concepções de realidade, imaginação e percepção do mundo a partir da teoria dos tipos psicológicos de C. G. Jung. Levantamos temas relevantes na atualidade como a relação com o corpo, o cotidiano, o uso da internet e o paradigma científico contemporâneo. Buscou-se, por meio desses exemplos, mostrar que a relação com a realidade concreta pode ser tão criativa quanto o uso da imaginação e das intuições, embora não haja evidências dessa forma de criatividade na contemporaneidade. Por outro lado, a desvalorização do concreto, do real e do material pode trazer questões ao desenvolvimento psicológico do indivíduo, como disfunções na relação com o corpo e uma vivência sem parâmetros da virtualidade experimentada nas relações mediadas pela internet. Argumenta-se que é necessário revisar a associação comumente feita entre criatividade, intuição e imaginação. Resgatando a ideia de totalidade e o conceito de numinosidade presentes na obra de Jung, discutiu-se a questão do viver e articular diferentes modos de percepção do mundo, o que inclui tanto a imaginação como a materialidade e o mundo sensível, considerando possível o exercício da criatividade em ambas as formas de perceber. Desse modo, de acordo com a noção de totalidade, buscamos um melhor modelo de desenvolvimento psicológico saudável.

The present work intended to conduct a the oretical study about the conceptions of reality, imagination and perception using Jung’s psychological types theory. We have discussed relevant themes in contemporaneity such as the relationship with one’s body, everyday life, internet use and the current scientific paradigm. The goal of this discussion was showing that the relationship with concrete reality might be as creative as the use of imagination and intution, even though there is no evidence that such form of creativity is being stimulated in contemporaneity. However, depreciation of what is concrete, material and real might bring up questions such as dysfunctions inone’s relationship with their bodies and a limitless experience of virtuality in relationships that use internet astheir medium. We thus argue that it is necessary to revise the common association between creativity, intuitionand imagination. Using Jung’s concept of totality and numinosity, we have discussed how to experience and articulate different forms of perceiving the world, which must include both imagination and materiality and the sensible world. We must consider it possible to perceive the world in both ways in order to think of a more healthy psychological development for the individual.

Significance Today of Character Types in Huangdi Neijing / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Two different types, called “Yin-Yang Wu Tai” and “Yin-Yang Er Shi Wu Ren,” respectively, are described in the Huang <I>Di Nei Jing, Ling Shu</I> section. Each type can be divided into four closely interrelated sub-items: character, physique, constitution and therapy. These relations can be explained with the concept of the “unity of the physical and spiritual,” which is based on a holistic perspective with <I>physical</I> referring to the body and <I>spiritual</I> referring to mental activity.<br>If we regard these types as psychologic, we can compare them with present western psychological types. E. Kretschimer and L. Corman discussed this in relation to “character and physique” or “character and countenance.” Kampo examination of the physique and countenance are anthroposcopic. In contrast, the examination of character includes both anthroposcopy and medical interviews. Applying this knowledge, it may be possible to improve diagnostic techniques in Kampo medicine.